How to Clean a Scuba Regulator

To clean a scuba regulator, disassemble the components and soak them in warm soapy water.

Table of Contents

Materials Needed

To clean a scuba regulator, you will need a few essential materials. These include a bucket or sink, warm water, mild soap or cleaning solution, a soft brush or toothbrush, a regulator maintenance kit, and a soft cloth for drying.

Properly cleaning your scuba regulator is crucial for ensuring its optimal performance and longevity.

List Of Materials Required For Cleaning A Scuba Regulator

When it comes to cleaning your scuba regulator, having the right materials on hand is crucial. Proper cleaning and maintenance are essential to ensure the regulator functions optimally and stays in good condition for a long time. Below is a list of materials you will need to clean your scuba regulator effectively:

  • Warm water: You will need warm water to rinse the different components of the regulator thoroughly. Make sure the water is not too hot or cold.
  • Bucket or basin: Prepare a clean bucket or basin that is large enough to accommodate the disassembled parts of the regulator.
  • Regulator cleaning solution: Choose a specialized regulator cleaning solution that is safe to use on the materials of your regulator. Avoid using harsh chemicals or detergents.
  • Soft-bristled brush: A soft-bristled brush will come in handy for scrubbing away any debris or grime from the different parts of the regulator.
  • Toothbrush: A toothbrush is useful for reaching into small crevices and cleaning hard-to-reach areas of the regulator.
  • Compressed air: Having compressed air or a can of compressed air available is beneficial for blowing out any excess water or debris from the regulator’s components.
  • Lint-free cloth: Use a lint-free cloth to dry off the cleaned regulator parts and remove any remaining moisture.
  • O-ring lubricant: It’s important to have O-ring lubricant specifically designed for scuba regulators to ensure proper sealing and smooth operation. Check with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
  • Regulator bag: Once everything is clean and dry, store your regulator in a designated regulator bag to protect it from dust, scratches, and other potential damages.
  • Manufacturer’s manual: While not a physical material, having access to the manufacturer’s manual for your specific regulator model is crucial. It provides important instructions and guidelines for cleaning and maintenance.

Remember, having all the necessary materials readily available before you start cleaning your scuba regulator will make the process smoother and more efficient. Now that you have your materials in place, let’s move on to the step-by-step process of cleaning your scuba regulator.

Preparing The Work Area

In order to properly clean a scuba regulator, it is essential to prepare the work area. This involves ensuring a clean and organized space, gathering all necessary cleaning supplies, and setting up a designated area for disassembly and cleaning. By following these steps, you can ensure a thorough and efficient cleaning process.

Scuba diving is an exhilarating underwater adventure that allows you to explore the depths of the ocean. But before you embark on your diving expedition, it is important to ensure that your scuba regulator is clean and in proper working condition.

Cleaning your scuba regulator might sound like a daunting task, but with the right knowledge and preparation, it can be a straightforward process. In this blog post, we will walk you through the steps of cleaning a scuba regulator, starting with how to properly set up the workspace.

How To Properly Set Up The Workspace For Cleaning The Scuba Regulator:

Setting up a clean and organized work area is essential for effectively cleaning your scuba regulator. Here are some tips on how to prepare your workspace:

  • Choose a well-ventilated area: Find a suitable location where you can work comfortably. Make sure there is adequate ventilation to prevent the accumulation of fumes or dust particles that could interfere with the cleaning process.
  • Gather the necessary tools and materials: Before you begin cleaning, gather all the required tools and materials. These may include a clean towel or cloth, regulator-specific cleaning solutions, a soft brush, a bucket of fresh water, and a drying rack or area.
  • Clear the area: Clear any clutter or debris from your workspace. Ensure that you have enough space to spread out your regulator components and work effectively.
  • Lay down a clean surface: Place a clean towel or cloth on your workspace. This will serve as a designated area to lay out the regulator parts as you clean them, preventing them from coming into contact with dirty surfaces.
  • Organize the components: Lay out the individual components of the scuba regulator in an organized manner. This will make it easier to clean each part separately and ensure that none of the components are misplaced or lost during the process.
  • Label the components: If needed, use small labels or sticky notes to identify each component and its corresponding position in the regulator. This will help you reassemble the regulator correctly after cleaning.
  • Ensure proper lighting: Adequate lighting is essential for a thorough cleaning. Ensure that your workspace is well-lit, either through natural light or the use of artificial lighting.
  • Take safety precautions: Before starting the cleaning process, remember to wear protective gloves and goggles if necessary. This will help protect your hands and eyes from any cleaning solutions or debris.
  • Minimize distractions: To focus on the task at hand, minimize distractions by turning off any unnecessary electronic devices or relocating to a quiet area where you can concentrate on the cleaning process.
  • Prepare for proper disposal: If your cleaning solutions or any other materials used during the process require special disposal, make sure you have the appropriate containers or disposal methods in place.

Taking the time to properly prepare your work area before cleaning the scuba regulator will ensure a smooth and efficient process. So, let’s dive into the next step of cleaning the scuba regulator: disassembling the parts. Stay tuned for our next blog post on disassembling the scuba regulator components.

Disassembling The Scuba Regulator

To effectively clean a scuba regulator, it is important to disassemble it carefully. By following a step-by-step process, you can ensure thorough cleaning and maintenance to keep your scuba gear in optimal condition for diving.

Step-By-Step Guide On Safely Taking Apart The Scuba Regulator:

Taking apart a scuba regulator may seem like a daunting task, but with the right techniques and careful handling, it can be done safely and efficiently. Follow the step-by-step guide below to disassemble your scuba regulator without causing any damage to its components.

  • Begin by removing the dust cap: Start by unscrewing the dust cap from the first stage of the regulator, the part that connects to the scuba tank. This will expose the yoke or DIN fitting, depending on the type of tank you have.
  • Loosen the yoke or DIN fitting: For yoke-style regulators, use the handle to open the yoke and release the pressure on the regulator. If you have a DIN fitting, use the appropriate tool to unscrew it from the first stage.
  • Disconnect the second stage: The second stage, also known as the mouthpiece or demand valve, should be disconnected from the first stage. Turn it counterclockwise to unscrew it from the first stage.
  • Remove the hose: The hose that connects the first and second stages needs to be disconnected. If there is a hose clamp, use pliers to loosen it. Then, twist the hose counterclockwise to remove it from both stages.
  • Separate the first stage from the tank: Unscrew the first stage from the tank valve by turning it counterclockwise. Slowly release any remaining air pressure before fully removing the first stage.
  • Remove the first stage components: Each first stage may have different components, but most can be disassembled into a few main parts. Gently remove the dust cap, diaphragm cover, and diaphragm using your fingers or appropriate tools.
  • Disassemble the second stage: Carefully remove the front cover, purge button, diaphragm, and other components from the second stage. Pay attention to their orientation and placement to ensure proper reassembly later.
  • Clean each component individually: Once all the components are disassembled, clean them individually using warm water and mild soap. Avoid using abrasive cleaning agents that could damage the delicate parts.
  • Rinse and dry the components: Rinse the components with fresh water to remove any soap residue. Pat them dry with a soft cloth or allow them to air dry completely before reassembly.
  • Store the disassembled parts safely: Keep the cleaned and dried components separate and in a clean area to avoid contamination until you are ready to reassemble the regulator.

By following these step-by-step instructions and using proper techniques, you can safely disassemble your scuba regulator without damaging any of its components. Remember to always consult the manufacturer’s guidelines for your specific regulator model to ensure proper disassembly and reassembly.

Cleaning The Components

Learn how to effectively clean a scuba regulator with these simple steps. Ensure each component is meticulously cleaned to maintain optimal performance and extend its lifespan.

Scuba diving is an exhilarating adventure that allows you to explore the wonders of the underwater world. As with any gear, it is essential to keep your scuba regulator clean and properly maintained to ensure its optimal performance and longevity.

In this section, we will guide you through the process of effectively cleaning each component of the scuba regulator.

How To Clean Each Component Of The Scuba Regulator Effectively:

First Stage:

  • Remove the dust cap and immerse the first stage in a bucket of warm water.
  • Gently swish the first stage to dislodge any debris or salt buildup.
  • Use a soft brush to clean the exterior of the first stage, paying attention to the crevices.
  • Rinse the first stage with clean water to remove any remaining residue.
  • Place the first stage on a clean towel to air dry.

Second Stage:

  • Submerge the second stage in a bucket of warm water.
  • Press the purge button to allow water to flow through the second stage, flushing out any debris or contaminants.
  • Use a soft brush to clean the exterior of the second stage, ensuring that all the crevices are reached.
  • Rinse the second stage with clean water, making sure to remove any residue.
  • Place the second stage on a clean towel to air dry.

Octopus:

  • Fill a sink or bucket with warm water and add a mild detergent or specialized scuba gear cleaner.
  • Immerse the octopus in the soapy water, allowing it to soak for a few minutes.
  • Use a soft brush to clean the various parts of the octopus, including the mouthpiece and purge button.
  • Rinse the octopus thoroughly with clean water, ensuring that all traces of soap are removed.
  • Place the octopus on a clean towel to air dry.

Hoses:

  • Wipe the hoses with a damp cloth to remove any dirt or grime.
  • Inspect the hoses for any signs of damage or wear and replace if necessary.

Recommended Cleaning Solutions And Techniques For Different Parts:

  • Warm water: Effective for removing general dirt and salt buildup.
  • Mild detergent: Suitable for cleaning hoses and larger components.
  • Specialized scuba gear cleaner: Ideal for cleaning delicate parts like mouthpieces and purge buttons.

Remember, always consult the manufacturer’s instructions for specific cleaning recommendations to avoid damaging your scuba regulator. By following these cleaning techniques and using the appropriate cleaning solutions, you can keep your scuba regulator in excellent condition, ensuring safe and enjoyable diving experiences.

Keep your scuba regulator clean, and dive into the underwater realm with confidence!

Inspecting For Damage Or Wear

Inspecting for damage or wear is an essential step when cleaning a scuba regulator. Look out for any cracks, tears, or signs of wear in the hoses, mouthpiece, and other parts to ensure safe diving.

With every scuba regulator, regular inspection for signs of damage or wear is essential for safety underwater. Identifying any issues beforehand can prevent potential accidents and ensure smooth diving experiences. In this section, we will explore the importance of inspecting a scuba regulator for any signs of damage or wear and discuss common issues that may arise, along with potential solutions.

Importance Of Inspecting The Scuba Regulator For Any Signs Of Damage Or Wear:

  • Safety first: Checking for damage or wear on your scuba regulator is crucial to ensure safe diving. A malfunctioning regulator can lead to breathing difficulties underwater, increasing the risk of accidents.
  • Extend regulator lifespan: Regular inspections can help identify any minor issues early, allowing for timely repairs or replacements. This proactive approach can extend the lifespan of your scuba regulator, saving you both time and money.
  • Prevent dive disruption: A sudden regulator failure during a dive can ruin your experience and potentially endanger your life. By inspecting for damage or wear beforehand, you can mitigate the risk of such disruptions.

Identifying Common Issues And Potential Solutions:

  • Cracked hoses: Inspect all hoses connected to the regulator for any signs of cracking or degradation. If you spot any cracks, replace the affected hose immediately to prevent leakage.
  • Deteriorated mouthpiece: Check the mouthpiece for wear and tear, such as visible cracks or worn-down material. Replace the mouthpiece if necessary to ensure comfortable and leak-free diving.
  • Malfunctioning second stage: Test the second stage by breathing through it to identify any irregularities in airflow, such as freeflow or difficulty breathing. In such cases, consider bringing your regulator to a professional for servicing or repair.
  • Leaking first stage: Inspect the first-stage connection points for any signs of leakage, such as dripping or hissing sounds. Tighten or replace O-rings as needed to eliminate leaks.
  • Sticky or gritty adjustment knobs: Turn each adjustment knob on the regulator to check for smooth and precise operation. If any knobs feel sticky or gritty, rinse with freshwater and lubricate them according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Taking the time to inspect your scuba regulator for damage or wear can greatly enhance your diving experience while ensuring safety. Regular inspections, coupled with timely repairs or replacements, will help you maintain a well-functioning regulator, allowing you to fully enjoy the underwater world.

Lubricating The Scuba Regulator

Keep your scuba regulator in peak condition by regularly lubricating it. This helps to prevent corrosion and ensure smooth operation while diving.

The Significance Of Lubricating The Scuba Regulator After Cleaning

Proper maintenance of your scuba regulator is crucial to ensure its optimal performance and longevity. After you have thoroughly cleaned all the components of your scuba regulator, it is essential to lubricate them as well. Here’s why lubrication is significant and how to go about it:

Recommended Lubricants And How To Properly Apply Them To The Components

Using the right lubricant and applying it correctly is crucial in maintaining the functionality of your scuba regulator. Here are the recommended lubricants and steps to properly lubricate the different components:

  • First Stage:
  • Apply a small amount of silicone-based lubricant to the first stage’s low-pressure seat and external O-rings. This lubricant aids in sealing and preventing corrosion.
  • Second Stage:
  • Use a silicone-based lubricant to lubricate the second stage’s internal components, such as the valve seat and diaphragm. Apply a thin layer to ensure smooth operation.
  • Mouthpiece:
  • Apply a silicone-based lubricant to the mouthpiece’s connection points, ensuring a comfortable fit and preventing any potential leakage.
  • Hoses:
  • Apply a thin layer of silicone-based lubricant to the O-rings of the hoses, ensuring their flexibility and preventing cracking. Avoid using petroleum-based lubricants on the hoses as they may cause damage.
  • Console and Pressure Gauge:
  • Apply a silicone-based lubricant to the O-rings of the console or pressure gauge to prevent any potential leaks. Remember to handle these components with care during lubrication to avoid damage.

Remember, when applying lubricant, a little goes a long way. Apply a thin, even layer without over-lubricating to prevent excess buildup, which can attract debris. Regularly inspect your scuba regulator for signs of wear or damage and address any issues promptly.

By properly lubricating your scuba regulator after cleaning, you can ensure its smooth operation, prevent corrosion, and extend its lifespan. This maintenance routine will help keep your scuba diving experiences safe and enjoyable. So, make lubrication a part of your regular scuba regulator maintenance routine.

Reassembling The Scuba Regulator

This concise guide provides step-by-step instructions on how to clean a scuba regulator and reassemble it for optimal performance underwater.

Step-By-Step Instructions On Putting The Scuba Regulator Back Together:

After cleaning all the components of your scuba regulator, it’s time to reassemble everything. Follow these step-by-step instructions to ensure proper alignment and connections:

  • Start by placing the diaphragm on the first stage body, making sure it fits snugly.
  • Attach the high-pressure seat and secure it tightly using a wrench.
  • Take the high-pressure seat plug and screw it into the first stage body, ensuring a tight seal.
  • Now, it’s time to attach the low-pressure seat. Insert it into the first stage body, making sure it aligns properly.
  • Take the low-pressure seat plug and screw it into the first stage body, securing it firmly.
  • Next, place the valve body on top of the low-pressure seat, ensuring it sits flush.
  • Attach the exhaust valve, ensuring it is properly aligned with the valve body.
  • Take the second stage housing and insert it over the first stage body, making sure the hoses are properly aligned.
  • Use a wrench to secure the second stage housing tightly onto the first stage body.
  • Finally, attach the mouthpiece to the second stage housing, ensuring a secure fit.

Remember to double-check all the connections to ensure they are properly aligned and tightened.

So there you have it, your scuba regulator is now reassembled and ready for your next underwater adventure!

Performing Function Tests

To clean a scuba regulator, performing function tests is essential. By carefully following these steps, you can ensure the regulator is properly cleaned and ready for use. Remember to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and use recommended cleaning solutions.

Before you head out on your scuba diving adventure, it’s crucial to ensure that your scuba regulator is in proper working order. Conducting function tests will help you identify any potential issues and make sure the regulator is performing optimally.

This section will guide you through the steps of performing these tests.

Here’s how you can conduct function tests to ensure the scuba regulator is working correctly:

  • Check the purge button: Press the purge button several times to make sure it moves freely and returns to its original position. This ensures that it will release excess air when needed.
  • Test the inhalation effort: Inhale slowly and ensure that the regulator delivers air smoothly. There should be no excessive resistance or obstructions that make it difficult to breathe.
  • Verify the exhaust valve: Exhale into the regulator and make sure the exhaust valve is functioning properly. It should release air easily without any restrictions or leaks.
  • Inspect the second-stage housing: Examine the second-stage housing for any cracks, dents, or signs of damage. A damaged housing can compromise the regulator’s performance and safety.
  • Test the alternate air source: If you have an octopus (alternate air source), check its functionality by breathing through it. Ensure that it provides a reliable air supply and is free from leaks.
  • Verify the pressure gauge: Confirm that the pressure gauge accurately reads the air pressure in the scuba tank. If there are any discrepancies or abnormalities, it may indicate a problem with the regulator or the tank itself.
  • Check the inflator hose: If your regulator is equipped with an integrated inflator hose, inspect it for any signs of wear or damage. Ensure that the buttons and valves on the hose function correctly.
  • Inspect the first-stage connections: Examine the connections between the first-stage regulator and the tank valves. Look for any loose fittings, leaks, or indications of corrosion. Tighten any loose connections to prevent potential issues.
  • Test for leaks: Submerge the entire regulator assembly, except for the first-stage, into a container of water. Observe for any bubbles escaping from the second-stage or other connections. Any leaks should be investigated and addressed before diving.

By performing these function tests, you can ensure that your scuba regulator is functioning properly, free from leaks, and ready for your next underwater adventure. Remember to conduct these tests regularly to maintain the safety and reliability of your scuba gear.

Rinse And Storage

To clean a scuba regulator, start by rinsing it thoroughly with fresh water to remove any debris or saltwater. Afterward, make sure to store it in a cool, dry place to prevent any damage. Regular maintenance is essential to keep your scuba regulator in good working condition.

Properly Rinsing And Drying The Scuba Regulator After Cleaning:

When it comes to cleaning your scuba regulator, it’s important to properly rinse and dry the equipment afterward. This step is crucial in order to remove any remaining debris or cleaning agents and ensure that the regulator is ready for future use.

Follow these steps to effectively rinse and dry your scuba regulator:

  • Thoroughly rinse the regulator: Start by gently rinsing the entire regulator with freshwater. This will help remove any salt, sand, or other residues that may have accumulated during your dive. Ensure that all parts of the regulator, including hoses and connectors, are properly rinsed.
  • Use a dedicated rinse tank: If possible, consider using a dedicated rinse tank or bucket filled with fresh water for the rinsing process. This will provide a more controlled environment and help prevent the regulator from coming into contact with any contaminants.
  • Depress the purge button: While rinsing the regulator, depress the purge button to allow water to flow through the second stage. This will help dislodge any remaining debris or cleaning agents from within the regulator.
  • Gently shake off excess water: After rinsing, gently shake the regulator to remove excess water. Be careful not to apply excessive force or impact, as this may damage the delicate internal components of the regulator.
  • Allow the regulator to air dry: Once excess water has been shaken off, allow the regulator to air dry completely in a well-ventilated area. Avoid placing it in direct sunlight or using any artificial heat sources, as this may cause damage or accelerated aging of the materials.
  • Check for moisture accumulation: Before storing the regulator, ensure that there is no moisture or water accumulation within the second stage or hoses. Use a clean towel or compressed air to carefully dry any remaining moisture if necessary.

Safe Storage Practices To Prolong The Lifespan Of The Equipment:

Proper storage of your scuba regulator is essential to prolong its lifespan and maintain its performance. Follow these safe storage practices to keep your regulator in optimal condition:

  • Store in a cool, dry place: Choose a storage area that is cool, dry, and away from direct sunlight. Excessive heat and humidity can degrade the materials and seals of the regulator over time.
  • Keep the regulator protected: Store the regulator in a dedicated bag or case to protect it from dust, moisture, and potential impacts. This will help prevent any damage or contamination during storage.
  • Avoid storing with other equipment: It’s best to store the regulator separately from other scuba gear to prevent any accidental damage or entanglement. Make sure it is kept in a secure and easily accessible location.
  • Regularly inspect for damage: Before and after each dive season, inspect the regulator for any signs of damage or wear. Check for loose fittings, cracks, or deterioration of hoses and mouthpieces. If any issues are found, consult a professional for repairs or replacement.
  • Keep a record of servicing: Maintain a record of the regulator’s servicing and maintenance history. This will help you keep track of when it may need to be serviced or undergo any necessary repairs.

By following these rinsing and storage practices, you can ensure that your scuba regulator remains clean, dry, and in good working condition. Remember to prioritize the proper maintenance of your equipment to enhance both its lifespan and your diving experience.

How To Clean A Scuba Regulator

Credit: www.diveoclock.com

Maintenance Tips And Best Practices

Scuba regulator maintenance is essential for optimal performance. Learn effective tips and best practices for cleaning your scuba regulator to ensure safe and enjoyable diving experiences.

Essential Maintenance Tips To Keep The Scuba Regulator In Optimal Condition:

  • Rinse the regulator thoroughly with fresh water after each dive to remove any salt, sand, or debris that may have accumulated.
  • Use a mild detergent or specially formulated scuba gear cleaner to clean the second stage and first stage of the regulator.
  • Scrub the mouthpiece with a soft brush to remove any buildup of bacteria or residue.
  • Inspect the hoses for any signs of cracks, wear, or leaks. Replace any damaged hoses immediately.
  • Check the O-rings for signs of wear and tear. Lubricate the O-rings regularly with silicone grease to ensure smooth operation and prevent leaks.
  • Store the regulator in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
  • Perform a function test before each dive to ensure that the regulator is in proper working order.
  • Have the regulator professionally serviced and inspected by a certified technician at least once a year.
  • Keep a log of all maintenance and servicing done on the regulator for reference.
  • Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines for proper care and maintenance of the scuba regulator.

Best Practices For Regular Cleaning And Inspection:

  • Create a dedicated cleaning and maintenance routine for the scuba regulator to ensure regular care and prevent issues.
  • Inspect the regulator visually for any signs of damage, such as cracks, corrosion, or loose parts, before and after each dive.
  • Pay special attention to the second stage and first stage of the regulator, as they are the most crucial components.
  • Use a soft cloth or sponge to wipe down the regulator and remove any dirt or salt buildup.
  • Check the purge button and inhalation effort for smooth operation.
  • Test the regulator in a controlled environment, such as a swimming pool, to ensure proper functionality before every dive.
  • Replace any worn-out or damaged parts promptly to maintain the regulator’s performance and safety.
  • Keep spare parts, such as O-rings and filters, on hand for quick replacements if needed.
  • Follow the manufacturer’s recommended intervals for servicing and overhaul of the regulator.
  • Regularly review and update your cleaning and inspection practices based on industry standards and advancements in technology.

Are the Cleaning Techniques for Polycarbonate Luggage Similar to Cleaning a Scuba Regulator?

When it comes to cleaning polycarbonate luggage techniques, you may be wondering if they are similar to cleaning a scuba regulator. While both items can be cleaned using mild soap and water, it’s important to use a soft cloth on the polycarbonate luggage to avoid scratching, while the scuba regulator may require a deep soak and rinse.

Frequently Asked Questions For How To Clean A Scuba Regulator

How Do You Clean Dive Regulators?

To clean dive regulators, follow these steps: 1. Disconnect the regulator from the tank. 2. Rinse the regulator with fresh water. 3. Use a mild detergent to clean the regulator. 4. Rinse again with fresh water and dry with a towel.

How Do You Clean A Scubapro Regulator?

To clean a Scubapro regulator, follow these steps: 1. Disassemble the regulator carefully. 2. Soak all the components in warm water with a mild detergent. 3. Use a soft brush to clean the parts, removing any debris or residue. 4. Rinse all the components thoroughly with fresh water.

5. Let the parts dry completely before reassembling the regulator. 6. Perform a function test to ensure everything is working properly.

What Is The Life Expectancy Of A Scuba Regulator?

A scuba regulator typically has a life expectancy of around 10 years with proper maintenance.

What Happens If Water Gets In Your Regulator?

When water enters your regulator, it can disrupt the airflow and potentially cause it to malfunction.

Conclusion

Cleaning your scuba regulator is an essential task that every diver should know how to do. By following the proper steps outlined in this blog post, you can ensure the longevity and performance of your equipment. Remember to always start by disassembling the regulator and soaking it in warm, soapy water.

Gently scrub each component with a soft brush to remove any debris or buildup. Rinse everything thoroughly with fresh water and allow it to air dry before reassembling. It’s important to regularly inspect and service your regulator to catch any potential issues before they become a problem.

By keeping your scuba regulator clean and well-maintained, you can enjoy safer and more enjoyable dives. So, don’t neglect this crucial aspect of scuba diving! Take the time to clean your regulator properly and it will reward you with years of reliable use and peace of mind.